Where the specification requires work to the architect or engineer's satisfaction, is the power to reject work unfettered?

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Is an architect's or engineer's power to reject work as unsatisfactory unfettered, or is it bounded by a duty to act fairly?

Satisfaction, reasonable satisfaction and the duty of fairness

Work to the architect or engineer's satisfaction sounds like an open power to reject. It is not: the standard is theirs, but they must act fairly, and cannot demand more than the specification.

Quick answer

No: work to the architect or engineer's satisfaction is judged by that person's own standard, but the power is not unfettered, because the architect or engineer must act fairly and impartially and cannot demand standards higher than the specification, as Sutcliffe v Thackrah requires, and a dissatisfied contractor can refer the matter to adjudication or arbitration

No. Work to the architect's or engineer's satisfaction is judged by that person's own standard, with a strong element of personal judgment and no definition in the forms, but the power to reject is not unfettered. The architect or engineer must act in a fair and unbiased manner, as the House of Lords held in Sutcliffe v Thackrah, which also rejected any immunity and imposed a duty of care, and cannot demand standards higher than the specification requires. A dissatisfied contractor can refer the decision to adjudication under the Construction Act, or to an arbitrator with power to open up, review and revise the architect's opinion. Two points refine this: in Cotton v Wallis a low price was treated as a factor allowing lower standards where the architect had not required defects corrected; and although the ICE 7th Edition refers to satisfaction without the word reasonable, a court would imply that the engineer must act reasonably, so there is little practical difference between satisfaction and reasonable satisfaction.

Subjective standardSatisfaction turns on the particular architect or engineer's opinion
Not unfetteredThe power to reject is limited by a duty of fairness
Sutcliffe v ThackrahThe architect must act fairly and impartially; no immunity
Not above the specStandards higher than the specification cannot be demanded
The remedyA dissatisfied contractor refers to adjudication or arbitration

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