When a letter of intent forms a binding contract

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Legal and contractual solutions · Letters of intent

In what circumstances will a letter of intent constitute a binding contract?

Objective agreement, essential terms and conduct

A letter of intent may create no contract, a limited interim contract or the substantive bargain. Its legal effect depends on the words and conduct viewed as a whole.

Quick answer

A binding contract arises where the parties objectively intend legal relations and have agreed the terms they require for enforceability

The label is not decisive. The court examines written and oral communications, scope, price, payment terms, dates, incorporated conditions and performance. Unresolved matters may prevent formation, as in British Steel. They may be treated as non-essential on other facts, as in Mitsui Babcock. RTS confirms that conduct can establish agreement and can waive a signature requirement, but the court will not impose a bargain the parties did not make.

IssuePosition
LabelNot decisive
Scope and priceUsually central to enforceability
Payment termsUnresolved machinery may prevent formation
ConductMay establish or vary the bargain
Subject to contractCan be waived only by unequivocal agreement

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